Researchers from Waseda University, Japan, have reported a novel family of low-cost, sustainable polymers that could be useful for modern displays, photodetectors, and lighting devices. Although high refractive index polymers (HRIPs) are essential for manufacturing modern optoelectronic devices, including displays and light sensors, they are expensive and environmentally unfriendly. Now, the academics have developed a new family of HRIPs called poly(thiourea)s.
In their article published in Advanced Functional Materials on April 12, 2024, the researchers say its properties make it a perfect candidate for modern optoelectronic applications. Overall, the results are highly promising for the future of optoelectronic materials and devices in the greater context of sustainability, they claim.
“Based on these findings, environmentally friendly optical materials would be easily preparable with a simple process, enabling sustainable optoelectronics such as low-cost bright displays, wearable lighting devices, and thinner, lighter, and degradable polymer eyeglasses,” said project leader Professor Kenichi Oyaizu, department of applied chemistry, Waseda University.
“I believe this is the first step toward the comprehensive design of next-generation optoelectronic polymers that can provide high light-extraction efficiency without harming the environment.”
Thanks to unique intermolecular interactions, the researchers’ compounds can be easily processed into low-cost transparent HRIPs for optoelectronic applications, as well as degraded and recycled through an inexpensive protocol, making them a sustainable option.
Optoelectronic devices have found their way into many aspects of our daily lives, from OLED displays to photodetectors, security systems, and environmental monitoring. In all the applications, these devices utilise high refractive index polymers (HRIPs) to control light.
In general, the optical properties of transparent HRIPs enable efficient light transmission and manipulation, allowing optoelectronics devices to guide and control the flow of light to improve their performance. But there are no low-cost options for HRIPs that can guarantee good optical performance while being transparent and environmentally friendly. This is because, for most materials, there exists an inherent trade-off between their refractive index, transparency, and processability.
This article was co-authored by Seigo Watanabe, from the Research Institute of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, as well as Luca M. Cavinato and Rubén D. Costa, both from the Chair of Biogenic Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
The proposed family of compounds are called poly(thiourea)s (PTUs), with each repeating unit of the polymer (the monomer) comprising a simple aromatic ring linked to a thiourea group (H2N−C(=S)−NH2). These PTUs have an exceptional property: the thiourea units in different polymer strands attract each other via hydrogen bonds, which is a type of intermolecular interaction. Simply put, the sulfur (S) atoms of a thiourea group attract the hydrogen (H) atoms linked to nitrogen (N) in another thiourea group due to local differences in electric charge.
These so-called ‘polarisable hydrogen bonds’ cause the PTU material to be densely packed, creating dense networks. Since the polymer is amorphous and has no crystalline order, it is highly transparent.
Meanwhile, the aromatic rings serve as spacers, providing some rigidity and mechanical strength and contributing to a higher refractive index. The research team carefully analysed the properties of these PTUs and demonstrated their potential by incorporating them into experimental optoelectronic components, obtaining remarkable results. More specifically, the proposed PTUs demonstrated a high transparency of over 92% and an exceptional refractive index of 1.81.
Notably, the team also investigated whether PTUs could be easily degraded into simpler useful molecules. “Due to recent environmental issues caused by plastic wastes, the degradation of polymers to monomers becomes an essential functionality leading to sustainable recycling. To the best of our knowledge, there have been extremely few attempts to impart degradability to HRIPs, and systematic designs for degradable HRIPs have not been reported despite such global needs,” said Professor Oyaizu.
Their efforts led to a simple degradation protocol that involves mild heating conditions and mixing with diamines, which is enough to break up PTUs into smaller pieces that can be reprocessed or repurposed for the chemical synthesis of new PTUs.
Title of original paper: Polarisable H-bond Concept in Aromatic Poly(thiourea)s: Unprecedented High Refractive Index, Transmittance, and Degradability at Force to Enhance Lighting Efficiency. It was published in the Journal of Advanced Functional Materials.
